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Research

Published findings, in context.

Each finding is shown with the evidence level at which it was observed. A result in an animal model or in cell culture is not a result in humans.

Topic

All topicsTissue damage modelsExtracellular matrixCell signalingCerebral ischemia modelsDermal fibroblasts

Evidence level

All levelsIn vitroAnimalHuman, observationalHuman, controlledReview
More filters (study type, organism, year)

Study type

All typesIn vitro studyAnimal studyObservational (human)Controlled (human)Systematic reviewNarrative reviewCase report
Publication year

11 publications

Animal · Animal study

  • AnimalAnimal study· Mus musculus and RAW 264.7 macrophages

    Mouse experimental silicosis model and RAW 264.7 macrophages: lung histology, fibrosis, oxidative stress and PRDX6 binding

    Bian Y, Deng M, Liu J, et al.Redox Biology2024PMID 38879894 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103237 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Murine model of experimental silicosis induced by crystalline silica; in vitro experiments with the murine macrophage line RAW 264.7, used by the authors as an alveolar macrophage model
    Exposure
    GHK-Cu vs silica-only controls (mice and macrophage cultures)
    Comparator
    Silica-exposed animals without GHK-Cu

    In a murine model of experimental silicosis, pulmonary inflammatory changes and fibrosis were assessed with and without GHK-Cu; their direction is not summarized in this profile. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) was identified as a protein bound by GHK-Cu, and the authors attributed the effects in part to inhibition of silica-induced oxidative stress in macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells, used as an alveolar macrophage model).

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus

    Rat quadriceps detachment model: defect size, function, muscle histology and nitric oxide markers

    Japjec M, Horvat Pavlov K, Petrovic A et al.Biomedicines2021PMID 34829776 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.3390/biomedicines9111547 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under BPC-157

    Model
    Surgical detachment of the quadriceps muscle in the rat; assessment at days 7, 14, 28 and 42
    Exposure
    BPC-157 vs no-peptide controls
    Comparator
    Controls without peptide

    In a rat model of surgical detachment of the quadriceps muscle, the BPC-157 and control groups were compared on defect size, function, muscle atrophy, inflammatory infiltrate and the orientation of the junction tissue from day 7 to day 42, together with eNOS and COX-2 mRNA, oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels; the direction and size of these differences are not summarized in this profile.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus (Wistar)

    Rat hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion model: neuronal damage, behavioral tests and hippocampal gene expression

    Vukojević J, Vrdoljak B, Malekinušić D et al.Brain and Behavior2020PMID 32558293 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1002/brb3.1726 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under BPC-157

    Model
    Ischemia/reperfusion by bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries (20 min) in male rats; assessment at 24 and 72 h
    Exposure
    BPC-157 vs saline
    Comparator
    Saline

    In rats subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, hippocampal expression of Egr1, Akt1, Kras, Src, Foxo, Srf, Vegfr2, Nos3 and Nos1 was higher, and that of Nos2 and Nfkb lower, in the BPC-157 group than in saline controls; Mapk1 was not activated. Early and late hippocampal neuronal damage and performance on memory (Morris water maze), locomotion and coordination tests were also assessed; their direction is not summarized in this profile. Exploratory findings in an animal model.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Mus musculus and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)

    Mouse scald burn model and HUVEC: liposome-encapsulated vs free GHK-Cu, vessel counts and proliferation markers

    Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, et al.2017PMID 28370978 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Full record on PubMedDOI 10.1111/wrr.12520 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Murine scald burn model; in vitro experiments in HUVEC with nanoscale liposomes encapsulating GHK-Cu
    Exposure
    Liposome-encapsulated GHK-Cu vs free GHK-Cu (mice and HUVEC cultures)
    Comparator
    Free (non-encapsulated) GHK-Cu

    In HUVEC, GHK-Cu liposomes increased the proliferation rate (by 33.1%), with higher expression of VEGF, FGF-2, CDK4 and cyclin D1. In a murine scald burn model, liposome-encapsulated and free GHK-Cu were compared on vessel counts and on CD31 and Ki67 staining (endothelial and proliferation markers) in the burned skin, and the size of the scald area was followed over time; the direction and size of these endpoints are not summarized in this profile. The results refer to a specific liposomal formulation.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus; HUVEC; chick chorioallantoic membrane

    Rat hindlimb ischemia model, chick chorioallantoic membrane and HUVEC: VEGFR2 expression and Akt–eNOS signaling

    Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN et al.Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin)2017PMID 27847966 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under BPC-157

    Model
    Rat hindlimb ischemia (laser Doppler, histology); chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay; tube formation in HUVEC
    Exposure
    BPC-157 vs no-peptide controls (ischemia model and in vitro systems)
    Comparator
    Controls without peptide; blockade with dynasore (endocytosis inhibitor)

    In HUVEC, VEGFR2 mRNA and protein increased (VEGF-A did not), with internalization of the receptor, time-dependent activation of the VEGFR2–Akt–eNOS pathway and greater tube formation; these effects were suppressed by the endocytosis inhibitor dynasore. Vascular density in the chorioallantoic membrane assay, and blood flow (laser Doppler), vessel counts and vascular VEGFR2 in rats with hindlimb ischemia, were also measured; the direction and size of these in vivo endpoints are not summarized in this profile.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Mus musculus (C57BL/6) and RAW 264.7 macrophages

    Mouse LPS-induced acute lung damage model and RAW 264.7 macrophages: cytokines, oxidative stress and lung histology

    Park JR, Lee H, Kim SI, et al.Oncotarget2016PMID 27517151 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.18632/oncotarget.11168 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung damage; complementary experiments in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
    Exposure
    GHK-Cu vs LPS-only controls (mice and macrophage cultures)
    Comparator
    LPS-exposed animals and cultures without GHK-Cu

    In macrophages and in the murine model, GHK-Cu was associated with lower production of reactive oxygen species, higher superoxide dismutase activity and lower TNF-α and IL-6 production, with suppression of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling. Pulmonary histological changes and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung parenchyma were also assessed in the mice; their direction is not summarized in this profile. The findings are limited to this acute murine model and a macrophage cell line and have not been examined in humans.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus (Sprague-Dawley)

    Rat ACL reconstruction model: knee laxity, graft stiffness, maximum load, gait and histology

    Fu SC, Cheuk YC, Chiu WY, et al.Journal of Orthopaedic Research2015PMID 25731775 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1002/jor.22831 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Rat model of unilateral ACL reconstruction; randomization to saline or one of two GHK-Cu groups (24 animals per group)
    Sample size
    72
    Exposure
    GHK-Cu vs saline
    Comparator
    Saline

    Knee laxity (side-to-side difference), stiffness of the graft complex, maximum load, gait parameters and histology were compared between the GHK-Cu and saline groups at 6 and 12 weeks. Differences in knee laxity and, in one GHK-Cu group, in graft stiffness were seen at 6 weeks but not at 12 weeks, and there were no differences in maximum load, gait parameters or histological scores; the authors described the effect as transient and not lasting after exposure ended. The direction of the 6-week differences is not summarized in this profile.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus; HUVEC; NIH 3T3 cells

    Rat cutaneous alkali-burn model and HUVEC: burned-skin histology, tissue VEGF and endothelial ERK1/2 signaling

    Huang T, Zhang K, Sun L et al.2015PMID 25995620 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Full record on PubMedDOI 10.2147/DDDT.S82030 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under BPC-157

    Model
    Cutaneous alkali burn in the rat, with histological assessment at day 18; cultured human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts
    Exposure
    BPC-157 vs no-peptide control (rat model and cell cultures)
    Comparator
    Model control group without peptide

    In a rat cutaneous alkali-burn model, the BPC-157 and control groups were compared on the size of the burned area, granulation tissue, re-epithelialization, extracellular matrix deposition and tissue VEGF; the direction and size of these endpoints are not summarized in this profile. In HUVEC, greater proliferation, migration and tube formation were described, with regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and of c-Fos, c-Jun and Egr-1 expression; these cell findings refer to HUVEC, not to the NIH 3T3 cells also used. Study by a group independent of the originating group.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus; cultured tenocytes

    Rat Achilles transection model and cultured tenocytes: biomechanical, functional and histological endpoints

    Staresinic M, Sebecic B, Patrlj L et al.Journal of Orthopaedic Research2003PMID 14554208 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00110-4 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under BPC-157

    Model
    Complete Achilles tenotomy in the rat; cultured tenocytes exposed to 4-hydroxynonenal
    Exposure
    BPC-157 vs saline vehicle
    Comparator
    Saline

    After complete Achilles tenotomy in rats, the BPC-157 and saline groups were compared on biomechanical measures (load to failure, Young's modulus), the Achilles functional index, the size of the macroscopic defect and histology (inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, reticulin and fibrillar extracellular matrix); the direction and size of the differences are not summarized in this profile. In cultured tenocytes, the peptide alone did not change growth but counteracted the growth inhibition caused by the aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus

    Rat gastric and duodenal lesion models (restraint stress, cysteamine, ethanol): lesion counts and mucosal endothelium

    Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Grabarevic Z et al.Life Sciences1994PMID 7904712 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00796-9 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under BPC-157

    Model
    Rat models of gastric and duodenal lesions (restraint stress, cysteamine, 96% ethanol)
    Exposure
    BPC-157 vs reference agents
    Comparator
    H2 receptor antagonists (famotidine, cimetidine), dopaminergic agents and gut peptides (including somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, secretin and cholecystokinin)

    In three rat models of gastric and duodenal lesions, mucosal lesions were counted after BPC-157 and after each of the reference agents, and Monastral blue labeling was used to examine the mucosal endothelium. The authors report differences between BPC-157 and the reference agents; their direction and size are not summarized in this profile. Early primary study in an animal model.

  • AnimalAnimal study· Rattus norvegicus (Sprague-Dawley)

    Rat implanted-chamber model: composition of the tissue formed inside the chamber

    Maquart FX, Bellon G, Chaqour B, et al.Journal of Clinical Investigation1993PMID 8227353 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1172/JCI116842 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Experimental chamber model (steel mesh cylinders implanted in rats)
    Exposure
    GHK-Cu vs saline or a control tripeptide
    Comparator
    Saline; control tripeptide L-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-proline

    The tissue formed inside chambers exposed to GHK-Cu, saline or a control tripeptide was analyzed for dry weight, DNA, total protein, glycosaminoglycans (including the relative proportion of dermatan sulfate), type I and type III procollagen mRNA and TGF-β mRNA. The direction and size of these endpoints are not summarized in this profile.

For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use or consumption. Not for diagnostic use. Not evaluated by the U.S. FDA.