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Research

Published findings, in context.

Each finding is shown with the evidence level at which it was observed. A result in an animal model or in cell culture is not a result in humans.

Topic

All topicsTissue damage modelsExtracellular matrixCell signalingCerebral ischemia modelsDermal fibroblasts

Evidence level

All levelsIn vitroAnimalHuman, observationalHuman, controlledReview
More filters (study type, organism, year)

Study type

All typesIn vitro studyAnimal studyObservational (human)Controlled (human)Systematic reviewNarrative reviewCase report
Publication year

3 publications

Compounds filed under Extracellular matrix · Review

  • ReviewSystematic review

    Systematic review of 20 studies (18 preclinical, 2 randomized controlled trials) of GHK-Cu as a standalone intervention

    “The Regenerative Potential of GHK-Cu in Aesthetic Medicine.”

    Mokhtar J, Mohamed B, Haddad J, et al.Aesthetic Surgery Journal2026PMID 42619529 (opens PubMed in a new tab)DOI 10.1093/asj/sjag169 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Systematic review (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception through March 2026, following PRISMA) of studies of GHK-Cu as a standalone intervention

    Twenty studies were included: 18 preclinical studies and 2 randomized controlled trials. The authors synthesize preclinical data on extracellular matrix synthesis (matrix proteins and glycosaminoglycans), metalloproteinase activity, cell proliferation, inflammatory markers and delivery systems. Their conclusions about the two human trials are not summarized in this profile, and not every included study is listed here.

  • ReviewNarrative review

    Narrative review of gene-expression (Connectivity Map) data on GHK and earlier preclinical studies

    “Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data”

    Pickart L, Margolina AInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences2018PMID 29986520 (opens PubMed in a new tab)DOI 10.3390/ijms19071987 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Narrative review focused on gene-profiling data (Connectivity Map) and earlier preclinical studies

    Narrative review that compiles the available gene-expression data for GHK and relates them to actions described in skin, pulmonary connective tissue, bone, liver and gastric mucosa in experimental models, as well as antioxidant effects, effects on inflammatory markers and effects on the proteasome system. The authors interpret the gene data as a possible explanation for the diversity of effects; most of the proposed pathways have not been validated in controlled human studies.

  • ReviewNarrative review

    Narrative review of in vitro, animal and gene-expression data on GHK by company-affiliated authors

    Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina ABioMed Research International2015PMID 26236730 (opens PubMed in a new tab)Title on PubMedDOI 10.1155/2015/648108 (opens the publisher record in a new tab)

    Filed under GHK-Cu

    Model
    Narrative review of in vitro and animal studies, observations in humans and gene-expression data

    Narrative review proposing a role for GHK, as a copper complex, in tissue remodeling through effects on the synthesis and breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, decorin, and the attraction of immune and endothelial cells; it also summarizes animal lesion models and observations in humans. It states that, according to database analyses, GHK changes the expression of thousands of human genes. The authors declare an affiliation with a company that sells GHK-Cu products.

For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use or consumption. Not for diagnostic use. Not evaluated by the U.S. FDA.